References

Baddeley, A. D., & Hitch, G. J. (1974). Working memory. In G. A. Bower (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation, Vol. 8 (pp. 47-89). Academic Press. Copyright 1974 by Academic Press.

Bruner, J. (1967). The Process of Education. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience. Harper Collins.

Elwahab, W. A., & Osman, A. E. (2023). The detrimental impact of technological tools on handwriting. Journal of Language and Linguistics in Society, 4(1), 31-41. https://doi.org/10.55529/jlls.41.31.41

Feder, K. P., & Majnemer, A. (2007). Handwriting development, competency, and intervention. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 49, 312-317. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2007.00312.x

Gazzaley, A., Rosen, L. D. (2016). The Distracted Mind: Ancient Brains in a High-Tech World. The MIT Press.

Gerth, S., Klassert, A., Dolk, T., Fliesser, M., Fischer, M. H., Nottbusch, G., & Festman, J. (2016). Is handwriting performance affected by the writing surface? Comparing preschoolers’, second graders’, and adults’ writing performance on a tablet vs. paper. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, Article 1308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01308

Gonski Institute for Education (GIE). (2020). Growing up digital in Australia: Phase 1 Technical Report. Growing up Digital in Australia (GIE). https://apo.org.au/sites/default/files/resource-files/2020-03/apo-nid303281.pdf

Gray, P., Lancy, D., & Bjorklund, D. (2023). Decline in independent activity as a cause of decline in children’s mental well-being: Summary of the evidence. The Journal of Pediatrics, 260, article 113352. https://doi.org/10.10.1016/j.jpeds.2023.02.004

Griffiths, E. (2025, October 4). British universities teach literature students how to cope with long novels as young people ‘worry about reading’. GBN: Britain’s News Channel. https://www.gbnews.com/news/british-universities-teaching-literature-students-reading

Haidt, J. (2025). The Anxious Generation: How the Great Rewiring of Childhood is Causing an Epidemic of Mental Illness. Penguin Publishers

Hari, J. (2022). Stolen Focus: Why You Can’t Pay Attention. Bloomsbury Publishing.

Heath, K. (2026). Bi-temporal processing in music notation reading: a theory linking prediction, memory, and automaticity. Frontiers in Cognition, 4, article 1689600. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcogn.2025.1689600

Julius, M. S., Meir, R., Shechter-Nissim, Z., & Adi-Japha, E. (2016). Children’s ability to learn a motor skill is related to handwriting and reading proficiency. Learning and Individual Differences, 51, 265–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif. 2016.08.034

Kiefer, M., Schuler, S., Mayer, C., Trumpp, N. M., Hille, K., & Sachse, S. (2015). Handwriting or typewriting? The influence of pen- or keyboard-based writing training on reading and writing performance in preschool children. Advances in Cognitive Psychology, 11(4), 136-146. https://doi.org/10.5709/acp-0178-7

Lembke, A. (2021). Dopamine nation: Finding balance in the age of indulgence. Dutton Publishing.

Longcamp, M., Anton, J-L., Roth, M., & Nazarian, B. (2008). Learning through hand- or typewriting influences visual recognition of new graphic shapes: Behavioral and functional imaging evidence. Journal of Cognitive Neuropsychology, 20(5), 802-815. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2008.20504

Mahajan, P. (2025). The silent erosion: Global generational cognitive decline in the age of AI and the future of human intellectual agency. HAL Open Science. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16793107

Sweller, J. (1988). Cognitive load during problem solving: Effects on learning. Cognitive Science: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 12(2), 257-285. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog1202_4

Zhang, B.- fa, Lin, Z.-C., Chen, J.-B., & Li, C. (2024). Thirty Years of Research on Fine Motor Skills in Preschool and School-Aged children: A Scientometric Analysis of Trends. Quality in Sport, 35, 56373. https://doi.org/10.12775/QS.2024.35.56373